Unit 18 Anamatic Assignment 1( file to big, copy on Student Home work Drive

Unit 21: Film Editing Harleen

ons of a painter turned photographer, the two boys displayed brilliance in science at school in Lyon, where their father had settled. Louis worked on the problem of commercially satisfactory development of film; at 18 he had succeeded so well that with his father’s financial aid he opened a factory for producing photographic plates, which gained immediate success. By 1894 the Lumières were producing some 15 million plates a year. That year the father, Antoine, was invited to a showing of Thomas Edison’s Kinetoscope in Paris; his description of the peephole machine on his return to Lyon set Louis and Auguste to work on the problem of combining animation with projection

Assignment 1 Sound editing Task 3

Task 3

Eastenders - Lauren finds out that Joey and Whitney slept together Clip

         In this clip many different sound techniques are used such as applying creative editing skills to produce dramatic sound that are acceptable to the director. This is done at the end of the clip where dramatic Eastender Music is used to open and close the scene. This is done and is effective as as it allows the audience to know that there will be drama featured in this episode and sets them up for something intense to happen. This will excite the audience and by having the dramatic sound at the end, allows the audience to know something interesting may happen after the break or in the next episode. This also shows that Eastenders as a show has a memorable sad theme tune and intense theme tune that people will recognize when they hear it.

At the start of the scene when Lauren( main character) is in the club, her voice dialogue is used for overdubbing. The club music is very loud and in a realistic scenario very hard to hear each over talk. However we can hear Lauren talking, as loud as the music is and this is because her speech as been recorded as with the club music. This is very effective as it allows the audience to hear what the character is saying without being confused or have to turn up their volume. This also adds to the atmosphere because we know she is in a loud club from this.

In this clip retained ambient background noises to recordings and editing in spot effects to match directors needs have been shown at the end of the clip. This is when the main character is outside and is sitting on a step crying. Sounds like constant car sirens, murmurs of pub music and a slight sound of distant people talking is heard. These sounds are effective as they help set the scene and tell us that she is really outside and gives the audience a realistic feel to watching this. It also reinforces that the protagonist is not in the best area and that in this drama there are many crimes committed, hence the police sirens.

This clip features relevant sound clips being edited for the transition of two different scenes. This is done towards the end of the clip when Lauren is leaving the club and is in a dark environment and then is seen outside, a different environment in the next scene. Constant footsteps have been used from the club scene to the outside scene to show that Lauren is leaving the club and entering outside. This is effective as it gives a smoother transition of scene and tells us that this is not the next day but is taking place at the same time.

The edit of background sound to enhance the dramatic effect on the audience has been used in this clip to enhance the drama when Laurens friends tell her that they slept together. Before they tell her and as they do, the club music changes song and is now a high beat getting louder and louder. Before this the music was lower and you could hear the lyrics whereas a smooth change was made to increase drama. This adds to the effective that what Lauren is about to hear will be dramatic and it builds the tension up from where the audience and Lauren hear it out loud. 

Last of all sound has been portrayed to tell the level of creative storytelling to facilitate the narrative in this clip. This clip features 3 different scenes all about Lauren. The first scene is before Lauren goes to the club, the next is her at the club and the last is her leaving the club. Within this the first scene is not dramatic whereas the club scene the Drama is unfolded and the end scene shows Lauren coping with the drama. Sound helps to portray this as at the start, average voices are used where no one is shouting but talking normally, whereas the next scene voices are raised, followed by the last scene where Lauren is only heard crying. This explains that she has been effected by these events and makes the narrative more real which evokes a emotional response from the audience. There is also no music in any scene apart from when the drama is told and this helps to add to that being the most important scene.

Sound Editing Task- Unit 24

Mood and atmosphere is created with sound as the sound on top of screenplay will dictate what the mood will be and what the audience will think/ feel.

Examples of different genres, non fiction and fiction- 
In horror movies- Low frequency sound is used to create tension and a scary atmosphere. Low notes on a piano can be used which can go from slow to fast to create a buildup of fear to the plot. Another sound technique used in horror movies is having a song or instruments being played but then having a abrupt pause. This will usually happen if something bad is about to occur and the sound doing this will tell the audience that.  This can be paired with the sudden stop of music being played again and stopped to create more tension. In action movies music is made be be fast and loud to fit in with the fast paces scenes being shown. 

Audio fade- 
A fade in is when sound is gradually increasing and it starts out quiet but gets louder slowly. A fade out is when the sound is stopping however it wont suddenly stop, it will slowly be reduced to silence. This technique is very useful for making sound feel smooth and fit in with a movie. Fading out can be a recording solution for clips of music that have no obvious ending or used in movies to end a scene.

Example 1

The Beatles made a song called 'Helter Skelter' and this is a example of a audio fade. This is because the song fades in and fades out. This gives a perfect, smooth introduction to the song and gives the audience a feel of what the song will be.

Example 2

Paramore made a song called 'Future' This uses the fade technique in different parts of the song but the songs most effective use of this is at the end of the song. The song lasts 7 minutes so by having a song fade out 30 seconds before the song ends, creates a soft ending where the listeners know the song will end and can be prepared for it especially as 'Future' contains lots of heavy drums by having a fading out ending it can sooth the audience and finish the song off nicely.

Voice over
A voice over is when someone is narrating in words over a clip in a film or a broadcast.  This is effective as it can explain what is happening through dialogue, give knowledge and understanding of a topic and it can create a setting. This technique also provokes emotion and thought in viewers/ listeners as different tones of a voice over can make the audience have mixed emotion. 

Example 1

On the History Channel, a documentary called History Buried Treasure is a prime example of a educational voice over technique being used. Most documentaries will contain someone speaking to give knowledge of what is happening and in this documentary the history of how the buried treasure got there is played. If there was not a voice over here many people would be confused on what the clip is showing therefor need guidance to what its about.

Example 2

The movie' The Usual Suspects' in 1995 is a Mystery film and uses voice overs to show the main Character recounting details of a crime in segments. This is very effective as it reminds the audience time and time again what the antagonist of the movie what he as learnt, what he needs to knows and this ensures the audience too. This can make viewers want to help him find out as it hooks them into it because they feel like the antagonist too.

Ambient Sound

This is sounds that are in the background of a location or scene. They can include birds, wind, cars, traffic noises, people talking, birds and many other indoor/outdoor sounds. These sounds are important to TV and Film as establishes the mood and setting of a scene, makes natural noises if no other noises are present, provides the same background noise between shots and it makes every scene more realistic.

Example 1

This is example of ambient sounds from a coffee shop. It features sounds of the clattering of plates, mummers of people talking, the moving of chairs and footsteps. This i


Mood and atmosphere (how is this created and for what purpose give examples in different genres fiction and non fiction)
Romantic/sad/action/emphasis on reality
Dialogue(examples of different types of dialogue think mood atmosphere settings)

Soundbridge examples again different genres think Yasmin
Foley sounds (what does the foley artist do?)
Synchronous/Asynchronous
Sound Motif (TV/Film)
ADR  what is it ?

Assignment 1 Soung editing Task 1

Assignment 1 Sound Editing Task 1

In this assignment i will find 6 videos that show sound recording and i will analyse why the examples are relevant. Different examples will be used for each and that will be a minimum of 2.

To compress and summarize a sound recording to fit a specific space.

In many film scenes there are different sounds which can last through the whole scene or can be repeated throughout the movie. When producers eventually create trailers for their movie or television series, the sound sequence will need to be cut down to fit the trailer. 

The Avengers Trailer 2012

This is a trailer of the Avengers film that was released in 2012. It features a small clip of Thor reaching for his hammer which a sound effect of a bang added to it. This has been compressed to fit in the trailer as it has come from the Thor vs Hulk fight scene in the avengers movie. This is effective as it would be very lengthy to include more sound recordings from this scene in the trailer as trailers are typically 2-4 minutes long so this would not work. It is also effective as it can present the best sound clip from that scene in the trailer to excite the audience and get the viewers to watch it.

Trippie Redd and Aylex interview on Adam 22 Youtube channel

In this 55 minute interview, questions about each rapper are asked by the host Adam, about their lives, drama and music. The most important part of the interview is when Trippie Redd talks about his new album release and this goes on for 5 minutes. However in order to put this on radio one extra , a 30 second to 1 minute  extract of Trippie talking about his album will be used so that he can advertise the main features of it without people having to hear any irrelevant/ less interesting points about the album. This is effective as people would want to buy it from listening to the albums best features rather then hearing a long sequence of talking.

Similarities/ Differences

The similarities between the examples are that both examples show long sounds being compressed to smaller  sounds to benefit the audience. They both convince the audience to carry out the producers intentions as the smaller clips are convincing and persuasive. This means they will now have a wider range of audience. The differences between the examples are that 

Evaluation

The reason for compressing and summarizing a sound recording to fit a specific space other then to hook the audience in more and broadcast the videos greatest points is that it gives a taster as to what is in the full movie/ interview. The sounds will explain what sounds you will expect to hear and will prepare the audience and excite them for what they are about to watch.

To eliminate flawed, repetitive, superfluous, uninteresting, irrelevant material from a recorded clip

In a edited Interview, programmed or movie, parts would have to be edited out if they are uninteresting, repetitive or unnecessary. This is so viewers dont get bored and the important parts of videos are shown.

Flooded Britain 2014- British Floods & Storms UK Weather

This is a long 17 minute clip about floods in the UK in 2014. The video features different facts and realities of what happened and contains important information however is very long for Television. This means that to have this featured on the News, the clip would need to be shortened to the most valuable part so the viewers would be satisfied and wouldn't have to sit through the whole video. In this video different sounds of the floods, people screaming and other noises are shown to add seriousness to the topic.

Hotel Hell: Gordon Ramsay Visits James Corden's B&B

This video shows Gordon Ramsay and James Cordon having a comedic sit down and tasting food. Speech by the celebrities are used and different sounds like plates clattering and laughter are used to set the atmosphere. This clip features on the James Cordon Late Night show however the original the clip needed to be trimmed down to around 3/4 minutes to feature. This is because there is many different interviews and clips of other celebrities that are used in his show so he cant have a 7 minute clip in this. However the whole clip can be put on you tube for the audience to see. This means that the viewers wont get bored and run time of other celebrities can be showcased.

Similarities/differences

There are many differences, the first being that the flood clip is a long clip of the Uk floods and would need to be heavily trimmed down to be on the News or TV however the James cordon clip is already trimmed down and perfect for TV. The funniest parts of the James Cordon clip is shown where the audience may be constantly smiling, however the flood clip is depressing and can upset viewers for going on for so long. The other difference is the genre and sounds as the Flood clip is Non fiction and has sad sounds which will leave viewers shocked however the James Cordon clip is comedic and laughter/skits will make the audience smile.

Evaluation

eliminating flawed, repetitive, superfluous, uninteresting, irrelevant material from a recorded clip is important for many reasons, however the main advantage is that the funniest, best part or most important part of the clip can be heard and shown to viewers. This means the viewers will be constantly excited and are less likely to get bored. If it is a serious topic then by having a shorter clip, the most important parts are more likely to stick in viewers heads compared to if it is long winded. To conclude this will make everything better and easier so every editor will need to make sure this happens.

To ensure any indecent or inappropriate language is edited out

Tv or films with Indecent or inappropriate language usually can only broadcast them after pm once the water is shed and movies will have to have a 15/18+ rating as children will not be able to watch them. This puts a limit to the target audience as it will restrict many viewers from watching if their is foul language included. This is common in movies/tv programs where scenes with indecent or inappropriate language will be filmed however then re-shot/ changed/ made as outtakes and common in songs where the original song needs to be changed to put on the radio,which can involve the changing of a lyric to a sound or a different word.

Trippie Redd- Dark Knight Dummo Song

This song was produced in Feb 2018 and is rapper Trippie Redds biggest hit song. This has over 71 million views however it originally was produced and is currently on youtube with inappropriate language in it. This lyric is repeated several times in the song which cannot be aired to young children/ children. However as this song is a hit and many people of all ages like it, when played on most mainstream radio stations like Capital and Kiss, the lyric 'Bitch' is changed to to the sound of nothing. This can now be played to a wider range of audiences and the label can gain more profit from this.

Nigel Pearson interview

Nigel Pearson the former manager of Leicester City had a interview after Leicester draw with hull. This interview is live and is then shown again later after it has been edited. During this interview Nigel says a rude word which can not be left in when shown again. This means that inappropriate language would of been cut out of the interview to avoid young viewers seeing this and a bad reputation for the manager and the providers.

Similarities/ Differences

Both clips feature inappropriate language needed to be cut out to have more viewers and a audience. The differences are the target audiences of both clips. In Trippie Reds song, the audience is teenagers and young adults whereas Nigel Pearsons interview is generally for men in their 20+. This shows that by having swearing in Trippies interview or song, it will affect more younger people then Pearsons and needs to be checked by several services before it can be broadcasted.

Evaluation

It Is very important to ensure indecent images or audio is edited out as 

Cutting out this will ensure more people can watch. Also many people are not fans of hearing this so this can also bring these viewers into it if they know it will be non explicit. This is also better for the brand that less swearing is used as people will respect it more and positive awareness can be spread. Brand deals are also more likely to invest and adverts too.

To enable recorded speech to remain legal 

To have footage on national television there are certain standards it needs to have to remain legal. This can be based on sound- it needs to be a certain level of noise so that everyone can hear and sound effects will also be included in this. Other recorded speech that contains foul language would have to be edited to remain legal in certain circumstances. This is so it passes the QC and can be used to show viewers without people struggling to hear.

ASMR Youtube Video

This video is a asmr video of different voices and sounds being used. This was created by the youtuber Rapunzel and is 25 minutes long. This video is legal on YouTube however wouldn't pass the QC standards as it is too quiet to be broadcast-ed on Television. To change this so it does meet the standards, the volume would need to be increased so all viewers can hear it.

Celebrity Juice

This is a video of the programme 'Celebrity Juice' presented by Kieth Lemon and is a comedy show. In this the speech is very uncensored and contains some language that could affect viewers watching. To broadcast this on television to remain legal, the uncensored language will need to be changed to fit the viewers watching. This may be done if the show is being broadcast-ed at a earlier time where children are watching as at night this is okay. If it was broadcast-ed with foul language and children were watching then this would not be legal and the series could be sued.

SIM/diff
In both examples, changes need to be made to the clips before shown on TV. However both these clips need to be changed in different ways as the first clip needs to be made louder however the second needs to be made appropriate for viewers.
Evaluation
Speech needs to be loud enough to hear as otherwise it cannot be broadcasted. There will also be less viewers and more confused people if speech is quiet too. If a whisper effect wants to be used then even this needs to have a high volume too. This is to ensure that there is a larger target audience and no complaints from people.

To change the chronological or logical order of a series of sounds or speech.
Videos, movies, television series and interviews may need to be changed to be put in chronological order so that it makes sense to the audience. Interviews can be edited and manipulated so that points are more clearer, especially in News showings.

​
Whole news night on the Dudley West count

This is a 24 minute long News Night on the Dudley West Count, explaining what is going on and showing clips of many different people explaining their thoughts on this. Some of it is filmed live and is not necessarily in a chronological order that makes sense to viewers.

BBC 6'o'Clock News on the Dudley West Result

This is now the same news report on the Dudley West result however it has been shortened down and edited to the most important parts in a order which is easier to understand. This is now in logical order so viewers will quickly see what is going on, at what time and what the start and end event is.

Evaluation
By having the last clip shortened down, its allows the audience to understand what is really going on and retain the most significant parts of what they have heard. This is effective as if there was a random order of events, viewers could have a misconception of time and think what they are not supposed to. This also helps to separate events or explain what is going on. Organisation within sounds and speech is very important within videos and is important to not confuse who is watching.

To create impact by adding sound effects and/or music between pieces of recorded speech.
Sound effects of music will need to be put in between speech to create tension and atmosphere of the video. This is very important as when this is included it makes the audience be more interested in the scene and ambient sounds added to the clip will create more of a reality compared to having silence.


Daredevil- Punisher Prison Fight Scene

This 3 minute clip shows the Daredevils 'Punisher'  having a fight scene between inmates. As the clip starts, the prison guard use speech to talk the Punisher. After this ambient noises such as punching sounds, knife sounds, grunting and shouting are used in the fight to capture the reality that this is really taking place and the gore of it. This creates so much more tension into the horrors which are happening and this scares and excites the viewers more, making it more interesting.

Hollyoakes- Liams Deal Scene

In this clip, the 2 main characters are having a conversation but throughout this and in between their pauses, ambient background noises are used to highlight they are outside and create more of a setting. The noises that are heard are a car door sound, murmurs of conversation and footsteps.

Similarities and Differences

In both clips,effects and sounds are used. The advantages of using ambient sound in these clips between recorded speech is that it provides audio continuity, prevents and unnatural silence if no other speech is present and reinforces the mood and atmosphere of the shots. This makes the audience more interested in what is going on and in both clips, these sounds provide more of a reality which the viewers need to see. However in the Punisher music is added and this creates more tension whereas in Hollyoaks no music is added, only sound effects.

Evaluation

To conclude sound effects and music create a big impact on the viewer because it keeps them wanting to watch more and on the edge of their seat. Both techniques are equally important to add atmosphere and setting and are necessary to defeat the silence of in-between speeches.

Test Animation

My test animation, this was looking at movement and stop motion.

Assignment 1 Animation

Assignment 1

Stop Motion started in the late 1800's, where the illusion of movement to inanimate materials was created. The history of stop motion and how it began led many creations of high significance which shaped Stop motion today and led to many films, series and adverts which we see day to day as entertainment or for other purposes. 

Stop motion is based of something simple. You can create a illusion of movement by putting an object infront of your camera and then expose one frame of film, move this object slightly and then take another picture. This exposes a second frame. This is repeated and then played in a sequence to show movement. Movies are more complicated then this as there are so many vast movements that have to be made.

In the beginning there were many inventors that came up with different ideas which led to the future of animation and movies such as The Nightmare Before Christmas, Wallace and Gromit and the Lego movie.

Techniques
How do these techniques and early pioneers impact on the future of stop motion?

Persistence of Vision

Persistence of vision theory was first discovered by Aristotle, when he could still see the sun after he stopped looking at. This theory is of drawings, showing the stages of an action were shown quickly, the human eye would see them as a continuous movement. This was then developed to pictures being taken of the objects and as they moved a tiny bit, then another photograph was taken. Once many photographs are occupied, pictures will be put together to create the illusion of a moving image. This then led to films and animation today. Persistence of Vision led to the movies we watch today a now we have the ability to receive a sequence of frames as a continuous moving picture.

The advantages of this is at the time this was a big breakthrough for inventions. This also became an entertainment feature for all, especially children and led people to become more creative. At this time entertainment methods for children would of consisted of playing with eachover and toys, so to have this new invention would of been very thrilling for the population.

This also helps animators now as understanding this technique means that animators can create smooth and lifelike animations in efficient ways as studying this will help the animators to perfect the right amount of frames.

Stop Frame

Stop Frame is when you take a picture of an object and expose one frame, do this again until lots of frames are exposed and the object reaches its final location. After all this is done, the object looks like it is moving and in a film the object would appear to move across the screen. The first ever stop motion film was The Humpty Dumpty Circus in 1898 and that was made by Albert Smith. Stop frame influenced these films and the future of animation as if there weren’t stock motion films like early man wouldn’t have been able to be made.

The advantages of Stop frame is that this led a trend in all the different methods/ genres of animations being made. Stop frame has turned into many forms; starting off as pictures, turning into Plasticine and pictures, then venturing off into props such as food, animals, people etc. 

This technique also impacts the future of stop motion as it now has a high educational purpose and leads unique marketing strategies. Its educational as Stop frame can show clear instructions/ information in a fun way and this makes learning more interesting and engaging. As for marketing, Stop frame allows adverts to be unique as they are fun and not many adverts will do stop motion so when they do it is guaranteed to stay more in peoples minds.

Frame rates

Frame rates are the number of images or frames that are screened per second on films or tv. The early frames rates were from 14-26 frames per second and now they are 24 fps for films and 30 fps for Tv. This meant that movies could now be shown better quality and This impacted the future of stock motion because the more it advanced, the faster frames could be so a clearer image with faster movies are better to watch. The creation of frame rates also leads to a more advanced future where Avatar 2 is being displayed at 60fps to maximize the effect of 3D.

The advantages of frame rates and how important they are is because frame rates impact the viewing experience and style of a video. Frame rates have created different viewing experiences for people and how realistic what they are watching looks. 

For example movies that are shown at 24 fps are very realistic and are similar as to how we see the World. Sporting videos or video games will have a higher frame rate then this as there is a lot to follow and a lot is happening at once so frame rate is important to keep the details of the motion looking smooth and crisp.

Development- Pioneers

Joseph Plateau (phenakitoscope)

Joseph Plateau was a Belgian Physicist who focused on the eye and retina as It lets the eye see colour. He created the Phenakistiscope- also a ‘spindle viewer’ which consisted of two disks that spun in opposite directions to each over. At first it was a toy and then it was changed and this was the earliest animation device. This shows that people would of enjoyed the idea of animation from a early stage as it would have been very interesting. This would of meant people may of wanted to develop these ideas further for more entertainment hence why it was followed up in the future. 

Fascinated by his discovery, Joseph Premordmed an experiment in which he gazed directly into the sun for 25 seconds of which he then lost his eye sight later. He then died on Setember 15 1883 but his work was continued and developed for many years after.

Emile Reynaud (praxinoscope)

In 1877 in France, Charls- Emilie Reynaud invented the praxinoscope. It was similar to the Zoetrope but worked by having a inner circle full of mirrors instead of slits so that the reflections of the picture (once a wheel was turned) would display a quick succession of images as if they were moving. When looking through these mirrors, the picture was brighter and less distorted then the Zoetrope, therefor making improved and better then the Zoetrope.

After his discovery, he demonstrated this device to an audience in a theatre by making his own handmaid film called 'Un Bon bock'. Reynaud made more of his own hand painted films and continued to show his work to an audience. This was successful and led to him being signed by a big business. This began to become more popular and awareness spread so more people would want to see the animated movies. This helped the Lumiere Brothers to advance their technology and unfortunately led to the Praxinoscope not being used as much. Reynaud closed his business and died in poverty in 1918.

Edward Muybridge

Edward was a photographer and film maker. At this time, speculation for years was about if all four hooves of a running horse left the ground at the same time. Unfortunately you could not tell with the human eye. So in 1879, Muybridge started photographing horses in motion and developed a galloping horse sequence. He then had proven that they do have all four hooves off the ground when running.

He was so loved for these photographs that he was given funding to continue his research, so that he could develop a more complex way to picture the horses in motion. He then went on to putting it on screen and some say he made the first ever moving picture. His work was extremely big at the time and because his audience enjoyed his photos, advances in cameras to capture stop motion in photographs was made like the zoopraxiscope.

Developers

Willis O’Brien

Wills O’ Brien was a motion picture specialist and he was a pioneer for modern works of film and animation. Brien was known to have ‘the best knows images in cinema history’ and bring the worlds of stop motion film and live action film together. He is best known for his movie in 1933, King Kong which at the time had ground breaking technology no one had ever done this before, so he influenced many more movies to be created with live action and stop motion, therefor special effects and CGI advancing too.

Wills O' Brien influences the film industry massively with the CGI he added. He allowed huge beasts to come to life and to be with humans in the same shot. He made the impossible, possible and many ideas spark from his movie. Animals and humans are widely used together from this moment and some scenes he has created are greatly remembered to this day, for example the scene where Kong is face to face with the Dinosaur beast and you can sense how dramatic and scary the scene will be. The CGI of King Kong gave life to more movies of this style.

Ray Harryhausen

Ray Harryhausen was many things including a writer, director, artist and visual effects creator. He was inspired by the movie King Kong and wanted to understand the effects of the movie and this led him to become a motion picture, specialist effect King. He was famous for creating the technique of dynamation which was used to make the actors on film look like they are communicating with animated models. 

He is well known for doing the special effects for the Clash of the Titans movie in 1981. In this film, there is humans and animated characters shown, along with many effects. This all works well together through animation. In the film, monsters appear to be scary and dangerous and this is due to the sizing and detail of them- the monsters are made to look huge due to the small landscape contrasted with this. The monsters having a n animated effect also looks good because of their mobility too. They move unsteadily and different compared to the humans, giving them a un-natural feel to the film. 

This led to another Clash of the Titans movie being remade in 2010 and many other movies being successful like the planet of the apes. 

Jan Švankmajer

Jan Švankmajer is a Czech filmmaker and is said to be one of the most influential and distinctive filmmaker in history. This was due to the uniqueness of his work and how he constantly shocked his audiences. He was a surrealist and each of is films were diverse with a mix of live-action, puppets, drawn animation, clay, object stir animation and montages. He is brings life to everyday objects and has made over 30 films with these techniques included. He is also such a famous film make because when bringing life to these objects, he was able to give these new meanings as metaphors and challenged a certain way of thinking. He created his first full length film called Alice in 1988.

The film he named called Alice is a surrealist version of Alice in Wonderland. There is only one human character in the film and the other roles are voiced by Alice however are different objects, such as clay, puppets and meat. There is a similar storyline to Alice in Wonderland and involves Alice falling asleep by a river and following a stuffed rabbit in to a magical realm, where she meets many different characters and befriends them. This film won many awards and was nominated in a large amount of film festivals.

Alice is a brilliant picture and is made so well. Watching this brings me back to a childlike mindset where everything is chaotic and hypnotic but in a good way- before the normality of reality kicked in. Its beautiful and bizarre and gives a different style to animation films.

Contemporary

Tim Burton

Tim Burton as an American animator, artist, writer and producer who created the fox and hound in 1981 for Disney and then progressed to make Frankenweenie and James and the giant peach. He also made a short fantasy movie called Vincent in 1982 which was very successful along with A Christmas carol. Tim made lots of famous films, being an inspiration to new directors and people being able to study his work in addition to creating something new.

A lot of Tim’s movies have dark humor/ themes which wouldn’t be suitable for young children therefor Tim's audiences would have been older children too teens, a Pg. He also worked for Disney who generally have a younger target audience. His audience would have been any gender too as his movies aren’t targeted at a specific gender because the movies are suited to anyone.

Burtons audience is children and teenagers of both genders. This is thought to me as most of his films have this age rating and what he portrays in films lets me think this. In Alice and Wonderland he makes the atmosphere very bright, colorful and fun with many different themes and natures that younger children would not understand however teenagers would. He makes the setting very lively which appeals to his audiences of both genders. He has a tendency to make his characters appear mad or crazy - The mad hatter and Edward Scissor Hands, which is humorousness. Tim Burton's work is very unique as the artwork in the films he has made and the style is very distinctive. He also likes to defeat gender stereotypes by allowing The mad hatter who is a man to wear makeup and dresses. By continuously doing this he has gained a large popularity along filmmakers and is very well known. 

Nick Park

Nick park is a British animator and film director who is very famously known for creating/ directing Wallace and Gromit and Chicken Run. Nick Parks main animations were created by the technique claymation, which is where Plasticine is used as the figures. This requires an enormous amount of hard work and dedication, therefor Tim was widely respected. He works for the company Aardman. 

Nick Park's work demonstrates many examples of the early film techniques such as the persistence of vision, stop frame and frame rates. Nick Park has used these techniques to his advantages, especially when making the movie and series Wallace and Gromit because he and his team make small movements to the clay which is repeated tonnes of times for the length and smoothness. 

Nicks target group would be a U rating as he aims his movies at young children because they contain simple humor which can be easily understood and is family friendly. The plots are also quite humble and no reading behind the lines has to be done. In wallace and Gromit, Nick makes sure that all the characters used hold extreme facial expressions and a atmosphere that constantly works with this. Some of Tim’s animations are aimed at an older audience for example the movie Angry Kid.

Purpose

To educate

The purpose of Educational animations is so the audience learn something whilst also having fun. This is great for children to learn things whilst watching entertainment and for anyone to understand the moral of story as some very interesting facts/ life lessons can be learnt from stop motion. 

Using animations to educate can make educating easier because diagrams and content can be showed that may be very difficult to show with just filming alone. This can also give a wider perspective and make the educating more interesting to watch due to the extra amount of information it may have or the extra colours and backgrounds. 

Most movies have educational aspects to them, for example  Wallace and Gromit The Curse of The Rabbit, is educational stop motion because throughout the movie, teamwork between the pair trying to solve the mystery is shown, therefor showing viewers at the end of the movie what teamwork and love can get them. This can be important for children to watch movies like this because they can learn morals at a young age. The characters are all very friendly to eachover too and by them being funny and a bright/ vibrant background being used, the children will be more entertained and interested.

To Entertain

The purpose of entertainment stop motion animations is so that the audience have fun whilst watching it and want to watch more movies/series. Different audiences require different humour/interests to entertain them in movies as young children will not understand adult humour, vice versa.

A example of an entertaining stop motion is the Shaun The Sheep movie. This appeals to younger audiences as the sheep doing funny things like doing anything to get out of work will make younger children laugh. This could then interest the viewers of the movie to have a bigger interest in Shaun The Sheep. The mix of vibrant, happy colours, sound effects and the animations give a fun approach of a film to children.

To inform

The purpose of informing a audience could be to make people aware of a subject, This could be about ethical issues or political issues that is happening or could happen. Informing could also be done to give advertise a product or brand and inform audiences about it.

A example of this is is a dinosaur documentary made in 1985 and currently on YouTube, which is made in stop motion to inform audiences about the history of dinosaurs as it’s a very interesting subject which is not spoken about much. This could have factual information that Is stimulating and make spectators want to know more about it.

Uses and audiences

Music Videos

Music videos are a great way to get audiences to listen to music then enjoy it more as now they can watch an entertaining video at the same time. Music videos are aimed at all different audiences, but mostly focusing on children, teens and young adults as this is where the bigger market is.  A whole Animated music video is not the most popular way of making a music video in the modern world, however many animated effects are now used in videos with people. When a whole music video is animated, they can be very effective and entertaining to watch. This is due to how different of an approach this is, compared to always having people in videos and the fact that many more styles and effects can be showed in an animation 

An example of a stop motion music video is called Sledgehammer by Peter Gabriel. This was made in 1869 and is very effective as not much stop motion in music videos had been shown before so this led to more audiences enjoying this different aspect of video making. The audience for the video would be Peter Gabriel fans in the 20’s- 50’s and this would have been spectacular video to watch as it had mainly been used in movies. 

By this music video having such an entertaining animation, it bought in a larger audience- some that may of not even listened to his music and therefor was a very clever strategy to use. This is now used more in modern music videos, however is still not very common as this can be very expensive.

Computer games
Computer and video games are very entertaining and addictive to many people but they are generally targeted at children/ teenagers. Some genres of computer games will be for 18+ like call of duty as that will contain violence and bad language. However games like Mario kart will be aimed at pg 13.

A Big example of an early animated game is Pack Man, created by Toru Iwatani in 1980. This was where a animated character- Pacman eats dots and tries not to die. At first the game was thought to not be a success, however it soon blew up as at the time games were aimed to male but this game appealed to both genders. This led on to many more games appealing to females and simple mobile games today that are very effective and fun. Now you can get Pack Man on every platform and device and it is still widely loved today. Current games now are call of duty, Minecraft and Siege( aimed at teenagers), which wouldn’t of been made without early animations.

Due to the success of early animated video games, over $2.4 billion dollars was made in 2018. This shows have successful each video game was because it allowed the next game created to develop and improve to make games like Mario Kart, Fortnite and Call of Duty today.



Adverts
Adverts are targeted at whoever would be interested in the product/ service which is being sold. Animation adverts are mainly used to have a more creative take to selling a product/ service, which then allows customers to have a better remembrance of it because the advert was so unique. Animation adverts are more widely in recent times because of how interesting they can be compared to non animated adverts. Children can be targeted for adverts to, due to the  bright colours and characters that can be used. 

There can also be serious adverts where a issue needs to be made aware of for example dangerous driving, hazards or what could happen. These usually wont have music and are very dramatic to hook you in and scare you a little to drive safely. By doing an animation, it could show you in more depth the dangers of driving bad and in a less graphic way. Other more uplifting adverts like Cadburys adverts, have a gorilla playing the drums. This can make you laugh or remember the advert better and therefor make you want to buy the product, especially when you go in store and see it. These are both very effective as a business wants people to talk about their advert and if it Is appealing/ funny or memorable people will. The cadburys advert is also very effective by using animation because this would not of been possible to do without it.


Techniques and formats

Claymation

This involves clay made background, sets and characters to make a stop motion animation and this is very effective as you can make small details and express different facial expressions on the characters when filming a Claymation animation. The clay is malleable to it can be shaped and bended to make any object. 

The most known Claymation around is Wallace and Grommit. This was made by Nick Park who is a British film maker and he made this on the 4th of November 1989. From all the small details to a bigger picture, this was a beautiful film which showcased claymation and made people speculate at how much work would of gone into it and how the results of the programmes and the movie are spectacular. Wallace and Grommit was so popular that it ended up turning into a series and many films were made out of this.

The reaction and love from the audience of the claymation technique was also because of how different this was to other styles of film making, yet so effective. Many more highly popular films and series was made after this, including Timmy Time and Shaun the Sheep.

Pixilation
This Is where humans and objects are used as the animated characters. It is where live action is used to capture motion and each frame is captured by playback mechanisms. This makes the animation look very real and gives the film makers to be extremely creative and different. This is a interesting technique as you can make objects interact with humans which isn't seen being done much. Although it can be hard to make movements like running or jumping however if done correctly can look amazing. 

This can be made in film by moving the actors or the objects little by little in each shot, one frame at a time, then playing this in a sequence. This can also be done in drawing.

An example of this being used is in the film Neighbours in 1952. This is a short film and was directed by Norman McLaren who was Canadian. This film shows power and conflict, division of human relationships in a surreal way. This challenged convetnional film making and by using pixilation, it adds to the tension of the cahraters. This makes the film three dimensional and gives the characters a robot like feel to them, portraying them as the same as everyone else, so that people can understand this perspective on a wider level. The grunge background, paired with the intensely growing music helps to create the surrealist effect and have a bigger impact. This was also one of the first films to use pixilation and the use of this allowed the film to win many awards.

Time Lapse Photography

This is a technique that shows high speed movement of a long process of photos. The series of still frames are captured one by one and then gathered together. This will then look like a film even though it is only photographs as when each photo is played fast it will give the illusion of movement. Time that then passes through each frame can then be shortened from hours to seconds. This means that a lot of photos would need to be taken in order to get a few minutes of movie, around 100 photos could only give you a few seconds if sped up very fast. 

This is one of the easiest forms of stop motion animation as it only involves taking pictures and does not necessarily need much detail depending on what you are capturing. This is generally done with nature as it can be shot beautifully with examples from Landscapes: Volume 4k by Dustin Farrell, which shows a sunset, space and different various parts of nature which is very effective as it makes views not able to look away and only admire the work.



Bibliography-
websites where I gained information from

https://www.lomography.com/magazine/127612-a-short-history-of-stop-motion-animation - history of stop motion

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-history-of-stop-motion-animation.html - history of stop motion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park - nick park

http://blog.getnarrative.com/2015/01/10-must-see-stunning-examples-of-time-lapse-photography/

https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/03/calarts-animation-1970s-tim-burton- Tim burton 

https://vanillavideo.com/blog/2012/history-frame-rates-why-speeds-vary